Sussex Bonfires – summary

On 7 March 2021, Heather and Keith Leech delivered an engaging Zoom presentation on Sussex bonfires, part of the Morris Federation’s lockdown talk series. The couple, deeply involved in Sussex bonfire traditions, shared historical insights, anecdotes, and videos showcasing the vibrant, complex culture surrounding these events.

Origins and Historical Context

The Sussex bonfire tradition stems from a long history of street celebrations, where communities would gather around fires, often enhanced by the introduction of gunpowder in England. The custom evolved significantly after the 1605 Gunpowder Plot, when Guy Fawkes and other conspirators attempted to assassinate King James I by blowing up Parliament. The plot’s failure was declared a cause for annual national celebration, including church services, bonfires, and firework displays.

Religious and Political Underpinnings

The bonfire tradition holds deeper meaning in Sussex due to the region’s history of religious persecution during the Reformation. Both Protestant and Catholic martyrs were commemorated. Lewes, the county town, is a focal point for remembering these sacrifices, symbolised by its 17 burning crosses. Keith and Heather emphasised how bonfires symbolise freedom of expression and resistance, reflecting the people’s defiance against suppression, dating back to the 19th century when laws attempted to ban public fireworks and gatherings.

Modern Traditions

Today, Sussex hosts over 40 bonfire societies, with celebrations stretching from September to November. The events feature processions, effigy burnings, and elaborate firework displays. Each town adds unique touches—Lewes, known for its elaborate costumes and political effigies, contrasts with Battle and Hastings, which focus on pyrotechnic spectacles. Effigies often comment on contemporary issues, combining satire with tradition.

Organisational Structure

The bonfire societies are highly organised, reflecting military-like hierarchies and elaborate costumes signifying rank. Keith highlighted the serious tone of the processions, contrasting with their celebratory nature. Heather shared insights into the logistical challenges, including fundraising and securing permissions. The events are self-funded through collections and community efforts, raising significant amounts for local charities.

Contemporary Challenges and Growth

Despite challenges like COVID-19 restrictions, the bonfire tradition persists and grows. Societies have adapted, with towns across Kent and Hampshire reviving or initiating bonfires. Keith and Heather emphasised the political undertones of public gatherings and the authorities’ cautious tolerance, given the events’ historical roots in defiance.

Community Spirit

The bonfire societies embody a strong sense of local identity and pride. From Hastings’ immense processions to Lewes’ martyrs’ commemorations, each town showcases its unique character. The bonfires unite diverse members of the community, from magistrates to fishermen, fostering collaboration and mutual pride.

Closing Reflections

The talk concluded with a discussion of funding, pollution concerns, and anecdotes of effigy burnings. Heather and Keith invited attendees to visit Hastings Bonfire Society, highlighting the importance of these traditions as living, evolving celebrations of community, history, and freedom.